The following talk was presented, at a conference titled “Palestine Conference” at Jamia Millia Islamia on September 6, 2016
Jerusalem, known in Arabic as Al Quds, or Holy Sanctuary is one of the oldest and most contested
cities on earth. Built 5,000 years ago, it has been demolished and rebuilt 18 times, is home to dozens
of civilizations and languages, in 37 different eras, and survivor of several occupations and
aggressions.
From time immemorial, Jerusalem has been diverse and cosmopolitan, one of the few cities in the
world where crescents cling to crosses in harmony. Today’s Palestinians represent the mosaic of that
past, and the history and the spirit of their city are evidence of the survival of the Arab character of
Jerusalem against all colonizers.
It was founded between 3000 BCE and 2600 BCE by a West Semitic people, possibly the Canaanites,
the common ancestors of Palestinians, Lebanese, many Syrians and Jordanians, and many Jews. But
when it was founded Jews did not exist. The city was unknown to the Jews for at least a thousand
years. After Jews were uprooted and expelled by Emperor Hadrian in 136 CE, they had no historical
presence or memorable activity in the city for 18 centuries.
When Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem under Caliph ‘Umar, it had not seen a Jewish presence in
over five centuries 1
After the crusades ended with Salahuddin Ayyubi capturing Jerusalem in 1187, the city continued
under Ottoman Islamic rule until 1917, when British occupation facilitated Zionist immigration and
colonisation.
Jews gained strength through informal terrorist outfits like Haganah and Irgun. Immediately after the
World War II, they started a guerilla war against the British. Who then referred the issue to the UN
which recommended the partition of Palestine, giving 56 percent to the 23 percent Zionists who
owned only 6 percent of its private land), 42 percent to the 77 percent Arabs who had lived and called
100% of Palestine their home (Jerusalem was earmarked for an international regime). In 1948, Zionist
militia managed to occupy western Jerusalem and expel Palestinians from it through mass killings and
massacres like the one at Deir Yassin.
After the war of 1948, an armistice agreement between Jordan and Israel divided Jerusalem into
eastern and western parts. The eastern part included AlAqsa compound and the Old City.
1
(Zaza, p.38).
Israel completed its occupation of Jerusalem during the 1967 war. Soon after the war ended, Israel’s
government announced the unification of East and West Jerusalem as Israel’s “eternal capital,” in
clear disregard of the international law and the Fourth Geneva Convention, an action the Security
Council condemned through resolution number 487 in 1980 declaring the Israeli declaration and all its
consequences illegal, but Israel ignored it.
Under international law, East Jerusalem is occupied territory, as are the parts of the West Bank that
Israel unilaterally annexed to its district of “New Jerusalem”. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949
and the Hague Regulations of 1907 forbid occupying powers to alter the lifeways of occupied
civilians, and forbid the settling of people from the occupiers' country in the occupied territory.
Israel's expulsion of Palestinians from their homes in East Jerusalem, its usurpation of Palestinian
property there, and its settling of Israelis on Palestinian land are all gross violations of international
law. Israeli claims that they are not occupying Palestinians because the Palestinians have no state are
cruel and tautological.
The United Nations resolutions adopted since 1967, acknowledging the rights of Palestinians to East
Jerusalem and calling upon the Israeli government to stop altering the character and demographics of
the city have fallen on deaf ears, and the United Nations has no practical means or intention to enforce
them.
The burning of the alAqsa mosque in 1969, the 1991 massacre in its holy precincts, the bloody events
of the 1996 opening of the tunnel under the Haram Al Sharif compound, and the September 2000
storming of the Al Aqsa compound by Ariel Sharon which sparked the second intifada attest to the
dark history of Israeli provocations.
At the heart of Jerusalem stands the Haram Al Sharif of alAqsa, comprising more than 35 acres of
fountains, gardens, buildings and domes, including the famous golden Dome of the Rock. The entire
compound, conventionally referred to as alAqsa, constitutes nearly onesixth of the walled city.
Jews are drawn to the site to worship at the Western Wall, next to the Haram alSharif, and
traditionally considered the holiest site in Judaism and the location of a future temple. The wall is the
only remnant of the Jewish temple destroyed by Herod in AD 70.
Whenever Jewish extremists, under the guise of prophecy (on selected dates according to the lunar
calendar), plan to to storm alAqsa compound and build their Temple there, Palestinians gather to
protect their holy site.
When thousands of Jews converged on occupied Jerusalem last weekend to mark what they believed
to be the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans, Israel’s Deputy Defence Minister Eli
Dahan confirmed their intention: “We are here to announce that we’ve returned to Jerusalem and that
we’re preparing our hearts to return to the Temple Mount and rebuild the Temple.” As a warning, he
added, “We’re not ashamed of this: we want to build the Third Temple on the Temple Mount.”
Dahan’s remarks were not the rant of a lunatic fringe. They were a reflection of the prevailing view
within the Israeli political establishment; that the Temple is central to the Jewish people without
which they cannot exist. To them, AlAqsa Mosque is an inconvenient obstacle in the way of their
enterprise.
The late rabbi Meir Kahane, who founded and led the terrorist Kach movement, claimed that Israel’s
biggest mistake was that it did not destroy AlAqsa in 1967 when Jerusalem was occupied during the
SixDay War. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the issue is now simply one of unfinished business.
But the extremist groups do not constitute a threat only to alAqsa. Official Israeli statements and
actions concerning the Haram Al Sharif are intended to isolate Palestinians and their cause, removing
it from its real historical, political and human rights context. Looking at it from a purely religious
perspective deflects attention from Israel’s continuing settlement expansion, and is used by Zionists as
a test balloon to probe Arab and Muslim reactions to accepting another theft of a Muslim and
Christian holy site.
In order to strengthen its Jewish character and to ensure future expansion of Jewish localities and
settlements, more areas were added to Jerusalem’s municipal limits in 1995 out of West Bank as well
as from Israel beyond the socalled Green Line.
Israel started hectic settlement activity in the new limits of Jerusalem, unleashing a policy of
exclusion and expulsion of Jerusalem’s Arab residents.
Contrary to the claims of the current Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli governments have
not in fact been united or consistent about israeli policy on East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin gave undertakings as part of the Oslo Peace Process to withdraw from
Palestinian territory and grant Palestinians a state, promises for which he was assassinated by the
Israeli far right (elements of which now support Netanyahu's government). As late as 2000, the then
Prime Minister Ehud Barak claims he gave oral assurances that Palestinians could have almost all of
the West Bank and through some arrangement could have East Jerusalem as its capital.
Ever since its occupation in 1967, Israel has tried through a number of measures, to integrate eastern
Jerusalem into Israel, by seizing private Arab lands and properties, expelling Arab citizens and
settling as many Jews as possible in the Holy City and its immediate environs. Israeli authorities have
tried to seize Arabowned properties by declaring them as evacuee/absentee or neglected properties
which could be acquired on one hand or by denying Arabs permits to build or use their properties, on
the other. To achieve this, Israel revived the Land Acquisition Law issued by the British in 1943
which allows acquisition of private land “for public purpose. Using this “law,” Israel acquired 23,500
dunam Palestinian land during 19671996 alone. It bulldozed Arab localities adjacent to Western Wall
like the Moroccan Quarter which existed since the days of Salahuddin, the hasty destruction left 1,000
Palestinians homeless. 2
Israeli efforts to change the demography of Eastern Jerusalem may be gauged from the fact that
189,708 Jewish settlers moved there by 2007 (Statistical Book for Jerusalem 20022007).
To expedite the landgrabbing, Israeli authorities have also revived an old Ottoman law which states
that ownership of an agricultural land will revert to the State if it is not tilled for a continuous three
years while it is the Israeli occupation force which does not allow Palestinian farmers access to their
lands. The latest example is the apartheid wall erected by Israel, following a policy of Judaization,
displacement and ethnic cleansing in West Bank where vast chunks of lands fall to the west of the
wall to which Palestinians have no access. These lands, eaten up by the wall, have been in effect
acquired without paying any compensation to their owners. The main purpose of the wall is to cut off
East Jerusalem from its natural commercial and social interaction, dismantling the social fabric which
evolved over hundreds of years.
Israel also limits Arab presence in East Jerusalem through mass destruction of homes on a number of
pretexts like punishment for resistance activity, administrative demolition and military requirements.
Figures for the period between 19942006 show that during this period alone Israel issued more than
ten thousand demolition orders in East Jerusalem alone though not all of them were carried out.
According to a 2005 study, Israel confiscated 43.5 percent of the lands of East Jerusalem for Jewish
settlements, while designating 41 percent lands as “green land” where construction is illegal. In
2
(aljazeera.net study on Jerusalem “AlQuds Hikayat Madinah Muhtallah”:
http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D2BF5E4F207842E897B3841122FB000F.htm).
addition to this, Israel has earmarked 3.4 percent of East Jerusalem lands for military and
infrastructure purposes. The PLO study further said that these figures are still not final because the
Israeli occupation authorities confiscated all Palestinian land records when they closed down the
Orient House in 2001 which functioned as a de facto Palestinian administration in East Jerusalem.
UN Security Council resolution 298 in 1971 resolved that acquisition of land by force is illegal and it
asked Israel to cancel all its actions in this regard.
While Islamic and Christian facts dot every inch of the holy city, Jews have only one physical
historical evidence to support their claim to the city, the “Wailing Wall” better known as the Western
Wall of the Aqsa Mosque or the Buraq Wall. An international commission appointed by the League of
Nations in 1929 had categorically affirmed that the Western Wall is a part of the Aqsa Mosque and a
property of Muslims alone and that Jews have only the right of access, without the right to introduce
anything new at the site. Zionist interference at the site has been a continuous source of friction and
controversy.
Christian sites too have suffered Zionist intrusion; Israel has refused to hand over Room of the Last
Supper on Mount Zion to the Vatican, claiming it to be the grave of King David.
In another act of erasure, Israel labels the Aqsa Mosque as the "Temple Mount," a term that has been
mainstreamed even in Western discourse, thus, offering legitimacy to the Jewish narrative and claims
alternative to Islam’s third holiest site, never mind the fact that the actual site of the first and second
temples are disputed.
The greatest changes have been introduced underground, where Israelis started extensive excavations
under the Aqsa Mosque complex and its vicinity, searching for archeological artifacts to support their
claim on the holy city in general and the site of Aqsa, in particular. The heart of the conflict lies in the
Zionist claim that the remains of their alleged Haykal, their Temple of Solomon, exist underneath
AlHaram AlSharif compound.
Occasional reports have confirmed that extensive tunnels and a number of underground synagogues
have been constructed beneath the alAqsa mosque. The excavations are feared to have compromised
the complex’s foundations and any quake or blast could be enough to pull down the whole structure.
Israel’s drilling activities, demolition of buildings and historical Arab and Islamic sites in the Old
City, the construction of Jewishonly structures on stolen Palestinian land, all demonstrate its utter
disregard for the interests of non-Jews in the holy land or the international opinion expressed through
the UN and other forums.
While foreign tourists and Jewish migrants are “finding oxygen” in Jerusalem, its indigenous residents
are being suffocated by institutionalized racist, apartheid and discriminatory policies aimed at
emptying Jerusalem of its non-Jewish population in violation of international humanitarian law, and
principles of the International Bill of Human Rights.
Israel routinely raids neighborhoods and civilian facilities, closes down Palestinian institutions and
racially discriminates against teachers and students. It has also run a campaign of arrests of citizens,
minors and public officials, rendering them unable to exercise their right and duty of democratic
representation of their constituents, in accordance with international humanitarian law.
Interfering with freedom of worship, Israel only allows those over the age of 60 to pray at the al Aqsa
mosque. The restriction on freedom of movement highlights the extent of erosion of Palestinian
control over Jerusalem in five decades of occupation.
Their inspiration seems to be Zionist ideologue Theodore Herzl, who said, in the first Zionist
conference in Basel in 1897, "If I ever control Jerusalem, I will definitely remove all the holy places
except the Jewish ones"
Draconian Israeli policies target the Palestinian residents of Jerusalem, suffocate the natives, through
arrest campaigns, in contravention of international humanitarian law, particularly the Fourth Geneva
Convention, and the principles of the International Bill of Human Rights, and Article 9 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Palestinians have no freedom of movement and residence in any part of the occupied Palestinian
territory, including Jerusalem, while the world looks on.
Jerusalem, known in Arabic as Al Quds, or Holy Sanctuary is one of the oldest and most contested
cities on earth. Built 5,000 years ago, it has been demolished and rebuilt 18 times, is home to dozens
of civilizations and languages, in 37 different eras, and survivor of several occupations and
aggressions.
From time immemorial, Jerusalem has been diverse and cosmopolitan, one of the few cities in the
world where crescents cling to crosses in harmony. Today’s Palestinians represent the mosaic of that
past, and the history and the spirit of their city are evidence of the survival of the Arab character of
Jerusalem against all colonizers.
It was founded between 3000 BCE and 2600 BCE by a West Semitic people, possibly the Canaanites,
the common ancestors of Palestinians, Lebanese, many Syrians and Jordanians, and many Jews. But
when it was founded Jews did not exist. The city was unknown to the Jews for at least a thousand
years. After Jews were uprooted and expelled by Emperor Hadrian in 136 CE, they had no historical
presence or memorable activity in the city for 18 centuries.
When Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem under Caliph ‘Umar, it had not seen a Jewish presence in
over five centuries 1
After the crusades ended with Salahuddin Ayyubi capturing Jerusalem in 1187, the city continued
under Ottoman Islamic rule until 1917, when British occupation facilitated Zionist immigration and
colonisation.
Jews gained strength through informal terrorist outfits like Haganah and Irgun. Immediately after the
World War II, they started a guerilla war against the British. Who then referred the issue to the UN
which recommended the partition of Palestine, giving 56 percent to the 23 percent Zionists who
owned only 6 percent of its private land), 42 percent to the 77 percent Arabs who had lived and called
100% of Palestine their home (Jerusalem was earmarked for an international regime). In 1948, Zionist
militia managed to occupy western Jerusalem and expel Palestinians from it through mass killings and
massacres like the one at Deir Yassin.
After the war of 1948, an armistice agreement between Jordan and Israel divided Jerusalem into
eastern and western parts. The eastern part included AlAqsa compound and the Old City.
1
(Zaza, p.38).
Israel completed its occupation of Jerusalem during the 1967 war. Soon after the war ended, Israel’s
government announced the unification of East and West Jerusalem as Israel’s “eternal capital,” in
clear disregard of the international law and the Fourth Geneva Convention, an action the Security
Council condemned through resolution number 487 in 1980 declaring the Israeli declaration and all its
consequences illegal, but Israel ignored it.
Under international law, East Jerusalem is occupied territory, as are the parts of the West Bank that
Israel unilaterally annexed to its district of “New Jerusalem”. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949
and the Hague Regulations of 1907 forbid occupying powers to alter the lifeways of occupied
civilians, and forbid the settling of people from the occupiers' country in the occupied territory.
Israel's expulsion of Palestinians from their homes in East Jerusalem, its usurpation of Palestinian
property there, and its settling of Israelis on Palestinian land are all gross violations of international
law. Israeli claims that they are not occupying Palestinians because the Palestinians have no state are
cruel and tautological.
The United Nations resolutions adopted since 1967, acknowledging the rights of Palestinians to East
Jerusalem and calling upon the Israeli government to stop altering the character and demographics of
the city have fallen on deaf ears, and the United Nations has no practical means or intention to enforce
them.
The burning of the alAqsa mosque in 1969, the 1991 massacre in its holy precincts, the bloody events
of the 1996 opening of the tunnel under the Haram Al Sharif compound, and the September 2000
storming of the Al Aqsa compound by Ariel Sharon which sparked the second intifada attest to the
dark history of Israeli provocations.
At the heart of Jerusalem stands the Haram Al Sharif of alAqsa, comprising more than 35 acres of
fountains, gardens, buildings and domes, including the famous golden Dome of the Rock. The entire
compound, conventionally referred to as alAqsa, constitutes nearly onesixth of the walled city.
Jews are drawn to the site to worship at the Western Wall, next to the Haram alSharif, and
traditionally considered the holiest site in Judaism and the location of a future temple. The wall is the
only remnant of the Jewish temple destroyed by Herod in AD 70.
Whenever Jewish extremists, under the guise of prophecy (on selected dates according to the lunar
calendar), plan to to storm alAqsa compound and build their Temple there, Palestinians gather to
protect their holy site.
When thousands of Jews converged on occupied Jerusalem last weekend to mark what they believed
to be the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans, Israel’s Deputy Defence Minister Eli
Dahan confirmed their intention: “We are here to announce that we’ve returned to Jerusalem and that
we’re preparing our hearts to return to the Temple Mount and rebuild the Temple.” As a warning, he
added, “We’re not ashamed of this: we want to build the Third Temple on the Temple Mount.”
Dahan’s remarks were not the rant of a lunatic fringe. They were a reflection of the prevailing view
within the Israeli political establishment; that the Temple is central to the Jewish people without
which they cannot exist. To them, AlAqsa Mosque is an inconvenient obstacle in the way of their
enterprise.
The late rabbi Meir Kahane, who founded and led the terrorist Kach movement, claimed that Israel’s
biggest mistake was that it did not destroy AlAqsa in 1967 when Jerusalem was occupied during the
SixDay War. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the issue is now simply one of unfinished business.
But the extremist groups do not constitute a threat only to alAqsa. Official Israeli statements and
actions concerning the Haram Al Sharif are intended to isolate Palestinians and their cause, removing
it from its real historical, political and human rights context. Looking at it from a purely religious
perspective deflects attention from Israel’s continuing settlement expansion, and is used by Zionists as
a test balloon to probe Arab and Muslim reactions to accepting another theft of a Muslim and
Christian holy site.
In order to strengthen its Jewish character and to ensure future expansion of Jewish localities and
settlements, more areas were added to Jerusalem’s municipal limits in 1995 out of West Bank as well
as from Israel beyond the socalled Green Line.
Israel started hectic settlement activity in the new limits of Jerusalem, unleashing a policy of
exclusion and expulsion of Jerusalem’s Arab residents.
Contrary to the claims of the current Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli governments have
not in fact been united or consistent about israeli policy on East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin gave undertakings as part of the Oslo Peace Process to withdraw from
Palestinian territory and grant Palestinians a state, promises for which he was assassinated by the
Israeli far right (elements of which now support Netanyahu's government). As late as 2000, the then
Prime Minister Ehud Barak claims he gave oral assurances that Palestinians could have almost all of
the West Bank and through some arrangement could have East Jerusalem as its capital.
Ever since its occupation in 1967, Israel has tried through a number of measures, to integrate eastern
Jerusalem into Israel, by seizing private Arab lands and properties, expelling Arab citizens and
settling as many Jews as possible in the Holy City and its immediate environs. Israeli authorities have
tried to seize Arabowned properties by declaring them as evacuee/absentee or neglected properties
which could be acquired on one hand or by denying Arabs permits to build or use their properties, on
the other. To achieve this, Israel revived the Land Acquisition Law issued by the British in 1943
which allows acquisition of private land “for public purpose. Using this “law,” Israel acquired 23,500
dunam Palestinian land during 19671996 alone. It bulldozed Arab localities adjacent to Western Wall
like the Moroccan Quarter which existed since the days of Salahuddin, the hasty destruction left 1,000
Palestinians homeless. 2
Israeli efforts to change the demography of Eastern Jerusalem may be gauged from the fact that
189,708 Jewish settlers moved there by 2007 (Statistical Book for Jerusalem 20022007).
To expedite the landgrabbing, Israeli authorities have also revived an old Ottoman law which states
that ownership of an agricultural land will revert to the State if it is not tilled for a continuous three
years while it is the Israeli occupation force which does not allow Palestinian farmers access to their
lands. The latest example is the apartheid wall erected by Israel, following a policy of Judaization,
displacement and ethnic cleansing in West Bank where vast chunks of lands fall to the west of the
wall to which Palestinians have no access. These lands, eaten up by the wall, have been in effect
acquired without paying any compensation to their owners. The main purpose of the wall is to cut off
East Jerusalem from its natural commercial and social interaction, dismantling the social fabric which
evolved over hundreds of years.
Israel also limits Arab presence in East Jerusalem through mass destruction of homes on a number of
pretexts like punishment for resistance activity, administrative demolition and military requirements.
Figures for the period between 19942006 show that during this period alone Israel issued more than
ten thousand demolition orders in East Jerusalem alone though not all of them were carried out.
According to a 2005 study, Israel confiscated 43.5 percent of the lands of East Jerusalem for Jewish
settlements, while designating 41 percent lands as “green land” where construction is illegal. In
2
(aljazeera.net study on Jerusalem “AlQuds Hikayat Madinah Muhtallah”:
http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D2BF5E4F207842E897B3841122FB000F.htm).
addition to this, Israel has earmarked 3.4 percent of East Jerusalem lands for military and
infrastructure purposes. The PLO study further said that these figures are still not final because the
Israeli occupation authorities confiscated all Palestinian land records when they closed down the
Orient House in 2001 which functioned as a de facto Palestinian administration in East Jerusalem.
UN Security Council resolution 298 in 1971 resolved that acquisition of land by force is illegal and it
asked Israel to cancel all its actions in this regard.
While Islamic and Christian facts dot every inch of the holy city, Jews have only one physical
historical evidence to support their claim to the city, the “Wailing Wall” better known as the Western
Wall of the Aqsa Mosque or the Buraq Wall. An international commission appointed by the League of
Nations in 1929 had categorically affirmed that the Western Wall is a part of the Aqsa Mosque and a
property of Muslims alone and that Jews have only the right of access, without the right to introduce
anything new at the site. Zionist interference at the site has been a continuous source of friction and
controversy.
Christian sites too have suffered Zionist intrusion; Israel has refused to hand over Room of the Last
Supper on Mount Zion to the Vatican, claiming it to be the grave of King David.
In another act of erasure, Israel labels the Aqsa Mosque as the "Temple Mount," a term that has been
mainstreamed even in Western discourse, thus, offering legitimacy to the Jewish narrative and claims
alternative to Islam’s third holiest site, never mind the fact that the actual site of the first and second
temples are disputed.
The greatest changes have been introduced underground, where Israelis started extensive excavations
under the Aqsa Mosque complex and its vicinity, searching for archeological artifacts to support their
claim on the holy city in general and the site of Aqsa, in particular. The heart of the conflict lies in the
Zionist claim that the remains of their alleged Haykal, their Temple of Solomon, exist underneath
AlHaram AlSharif compound.
Occasional reports have confirmed that extensive tunnels and a number of underground synagogues
have been constructed beneath the alAqsa mosque. The excavations are feared to have compromised
the complex’s foundations and any quake or blast could be enough to pull down the whole structure.
Israel’s drilling activities, demolition of buildings and historical Arab and Islamic sites in the Old
City, the construction of Jewishonly structures on stolen Palestinian land, all demonstrate its utter
disregard for the interests of non-Jews in the holy land or the international opinion expressed through
the UN and other forums.
While foreign tourists and Jewish migrants are “finding oxygen” in Jerusalem, its indigenous residents
are being suffocated by institutionalized racist, apartheid and discriminatory policies aimed at
emptying Jerusalem of its non-Jewish population in violation of international humanitarian law, and
principles of the International Bill of Human Rights.
Israel routinely raids neighborhoods and civilian facilities, closes down Palestinian institutions and
racially discriminates against teachers and students. It has also run a campaign of arrests of citizens,
minors and public officials, rendering them unable to exercise their right and duty of democratic
representation of their constituents, in accordance with international humanitarian law.
Interfering with freedom of worship, Israel only allows those over the age of 60 to pray at the al Aqsa
mosque. The restriction on freedom of movement highlights the extent of erosion of Palestinian
control over Jerusalem in five decades of occupation.
Their inspiration seems to be Zionist ideologue Theodore Herzl, who said, in the first Zionist
conference in Basel in 1897, "If I ever control Jerusalem, I will definitely remove all the holy places
except the Jewish ones"
Draconian Israeli policies target the Palestinian residents of Jerusalem, suffocate the natives, through
arrest campaigns, in contravention of international humanitarian law, particularly the Fourth Geneva
Convention, and the principles of the International Bill of Human Rights, and Article 9 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Palestinians have no freedom of movement and residence in any part of the occupied Palestinian
territory, including Jerusalem, while the world looks on.
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